Code blocks and inline code

This page shows styles for inline markup related to code, as well as for the additional features of code blocks.

On this page

Inline Code

You can mark up generic inline code using two backticks like this: inline code.

Syntax highlighted inline code

If you want to use syntax highlighting for inline code, such as this: print(“Hello World”), perform these steps:

  1. Create docutils configuration file docutils.conf.

    Place this file in the same directory as the Sphinx configuration file conf.py.

  2. Make the syntax highlighter use short class names.

    Add this section to the file docutils.conf:

    ini docutils.conf 
    [restructuredtext parser]
syntax_highlight = short

    This creates “short” class names for syntax highlighting, the same as used by Sphinx’s code blocks.

  3. Define custom interpreted text roles using docutils role directive.

    For each language you want to highlight, create a custom interpreted text role. For example, to highlight inline Python code, add this to the beginning of the reStructuredText file:

    rst 
    .. role:: python(code)
  :language: python
  :class: highlight

    This adds the class highlight to the list of classes for the inline code, which automatically applies the same styles as for code blocks.

  4. Use the new role to markup and highlight inline code.

    For example:

    rst 
    :python:`print("Hello World")`

    renders into print(“Hello World”).

Note

Inline syntax highlighting is performed by the docutils module on which Sphinx is based. Sphinx doesn’t provide or extend this feature, which means the user needs to perform these additional steps.

More interpreted text roles for code-like elements

Docutils and Sphinx come with many interpreted text roles to mark up specific elements. This theme only provides styles for a few of these roles.

Files can be marked up with the file interpreted text role.

rst 
:file:`Some filename`

This is rendered as Some filename.

You can highlight inline code with placeholders using the samp interpreted text role.

rst 
:samp:`Replace {PLACEHOLDER}`

This is rendered as Replace PLACEHOLDER. The same placeholder syntax can also be used with the file role.

Keyboard shortcuts can be entered using the kbd interpreted text role.

rst 
:kbd:`Ctrl+F`

This is rendered as Ctrl+F.

Interpreted text roles for GUI documentation

Graphical user interface elements are often rendered in a bold font, in contrast to the monospace font for code elements. Use the guilabel role to document buttons and other user interface elements.

rst 
:guilabel:`Help`

This renders as Help.

Use the menuselection role to document items in menus.

rst 
:menuselection:`Start --> Program`

This renders as Start ‣ Program.

Awesome code blocks

You can render code blocks using the code-block directive. If you don’t specify a language as an argument to the code block, the default highlighting language is used.

For example:

python 
print("Hello World")

uses the Python lexer of Pygments to apply syntax highlighting. Use the highlight directive to set the default highlighting language on a per-document basis. See highlight directive for more information. Use the highlight_language configuration setting to set the default highlighting language for the whole project. See highlight_language for more information.

All code blocks have a header section with a Copy button. Clicking the button copies the text inside the code block to the clipboard. The header also contains a label for the highlighting language as well as the caption.

Caution

For interactive shell sessions, Pygments provides the shell-session lexer, with an alias of console. The former is too long and the latter to old-fashioned for my taste.

This theme replaces the label console with the label shell in the header section of code blocks. Unfortunately, shell is also an alias for shell scripts. As shell scripts are likely to be specific to a certain type of shell, I recommend being more specific, such as using sh, bash, or zsh.

If no highlighting language is defined, Sphinx uses default, which is translated to python (or interactive python session), so this theme replaces default with python in the header section.

The following example shows a code block for JavaScript with a caption.

javascript Example code 
console.log("Hello World")

Use the linenos option to show line numbers in the code block.

python 
1for i in range(3):
2   print(f"{i} line of code")

To emphasize specific lines in code blocks, use the :emphasize-lines: option:

bash 
echo "Don't emphasize this"
echo "Emphasize this"
echo "Don't emphasize this either"

Likewise, you can emphasize code changes using the :emphasize-added: and :emphasize-removed: options.

python 
print("red")
print("green")
print("regular highlighting is applied")

Note, how the lines are still highlighted using Python syntax. Copy the code and note, how the + and - characters aren’t copied.

Note

The :emphasize-added: and :emphasize-removed: options only work in this theme. If you later change the theme, leaving these options generate a warning and skip rendering all code blocks with these options. I recommend using sphinx-build -W to turn warnings into errors.

A portable, built-in alternative is to use Pygments’ diff lexer.

diff 
+ print("red")
- print("green")
  print("no highlighting is applied here")

This works with all themes, but doesn’t highlight the other lines in the code block. When selecting the code to copy to the clipboard, the + and - characters at the beginning are copied as well.

The following example is for testing the previous options with line numbers:

python 
1print("One line of code")
2print("Removed line of code")
3print("Added line of code")
4print("Emphasized line of code")
5print("Normal line of code")

There is currently one visual bug with emphasizing lines #171.

For example:

python Really long line 
print("A shorter line of code.")
print("And a really long line of code that should overflow the container on most screen sizes which illustrates the issue.")

Code blocks can’t contain any markup, such as bold text or hyperlinks.

Parsed literal blocks

If you want to write blocks of literal text containing any markup, such as bold text or hyperlinks, use a parsed-literal directive.

This can contain markup, but not syntax highlighting.

You can’t use syntax highlighting with parsed-literal blocks.

Samp directive

If you want to highlight placeholder variables, and you can accept only minimal highlighting, you can use the samp directive.

For example:

rst samp directive 
.. samp::

   $ echo "Enter {PLACEHOLDER}"

is rendered as:

$ echo "Enter PLACEHOLDER"

Note

The Sphinx awesome theme provides a style for the directive that integrates well with the rest of the theme. The parsing is handled by a separate extension sphinxawesome-sampdirective. This extension is automatically installed and loaded, if the Sphinx awesome theme is installed as a Python package. See How to install the theme for more information.

You can install and activate the extension separately for using with other themes.